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May 22, 2004

Yiddish from the National Yiddish Book Center

I love to visit the NYBC periodically to see the slowly changing exhibits, see what is new at the book store, and just wander the wonderful stacks of Yiddish books. Last week my friend Rich called to say that he was driving through and why didn't we meet in Amherst. We had a splendid time and met Catherine Madsen, the Associate Director of the Yiddish Book Department who happily dug up a box of old wooden type (alas, my least favorite variety - that horrid high contrast thick/thin Bodoni-influenced stuff that represented the nadir of Yiddish typography) and a poster for me to photograph. I'll be back for a longer visit later this summer as I prepare for my KlezKanada lecture. I've installed a new image gallery package, qdig, so that I can show up the pictures we took. I'll add more galleries of type photos over time. For now, take a look at our May 17, 2004 visit to the National Yiddish book center.

May 21, 2004

Hebrew on the Web

I've been researching Hebrew on the web for several months. A friend of mine at Hebrew College asked me to look at several URLs and figure out what he could do to put things online that would be equally accessible under Hebrew-enabled Macs or PCs (or, for that matter, Linux, Unix, whatever). As folks who have done this for years know, this is messy. There are two general standards, the Windows way (charset=Windows-1255), and the supposedly standard way, (charset=iso-8859-8). If you are encoding your pages straight UTF-8, you also take advantage of Unicode. Last year I did some tests with my friend Jack Woehr and we discovered that if you really write Unicode, Hebrew displays fine on Mac and PC using utf-8. This year I got a quick project to get some Hebrew up on the web for "we are the future" and jumped in to see if I could find something simple. The results mostly work on PC, but there are some issues on the Mac, under OS X, using Safari. The main text flows correctly - if you try to read this using Safari under OS X, you won't at first notice any problems. Then, you'll note that the ambiguous characters (glyphs such as punctuation that could be placed differently depending on the language the browser things is the base for the current paragraph). Bidirectionality is a messy subject. The problem is that when you tell a browser that you are using UTF-8, for instance, it is easy for the browser not to be sure where to put punctuation marks: if the base language were English, say, then periods go on one side of the sentence display. If the base language is Hebrew, the opposite is true. On the pages I did for "We are the future" (see, for instance, www.wearethefuture.com/he/concert_about.html, everything looks fine on a PC using IE or Mozilla. But, fire up OS X and take a look with Safari and you see hyphens and periods that are placed wrong. Not fatal - at least the text flows nicely from right to left as it should - but not what I want. Here is what I used:
  • In the head of each document, I noted utf-8: <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
  • Paragraphs got styled thus: <p align="right" lang="HE" dir="RTL">. (Normally I'd put this in a style sheet, but this was a drop-in and I didn't want to isolate the pages I worked on from the general style sheet and any global changes. And the job was too fast to comfortably isolate the items in a local style sheet.)
  • The Hebrew characters were encoded using some Microsoft? characterset, using the range (aleph to taf) &1488; through &1514;. I got this by saving a Word document containing Hebrew to HTML. I used Word 2000, under Windows NT, with Hebrew resources installed. (I don't think that what was saved is Unicode, which I recall having a different hex offset that is much larger - but I'm new to this, I could be entirely wrong.)
Microsoft puts charset=Windows-1255 when saving the word doc as HTML. This is the near-universal set used in Israel. The thing is, I do feel that I don't want to be relying on browsers on non-Windows platforms simply figuring out how to accomodate Windows. I'd like something universal. The goal is to stop having to worry/think about platform. It doesn't matter in this case. Putting "charset=windows-1255" at the top of the file changes nothing compared to utf-8. Additional notes: I got very curious and tried to view this using IE 5 and Mozilla 1.2 under OS 9.x on the Mac. IE displayed nothing but question marks, regardless of whether the meta tag indicated utf-8 or windows-1255. Mozilla looked perfect, just as on the PC. So, I did the obvious and downloaded the OS X version of Mozilla. Still perfection. The problem is Safari, not my encoding. I'm willing to bet to bet that what I did is still not the optimal way to do this. It worked well enough for this project (pending some final fussing to see if I can figure out how to encode things so that Safari groks the language and base direction correctly - of course, but that depends on finding a workaround Safari's bugginess), and it feels great to have some Hebrew web pages up. Next try: do it better. First path to explore? Convert these character encoding to actual Unicode and see if that works better.

Ari Davidow, Hebrew Typographer, Extraordinaire

For over a decade, while I lived in Oakland, CA during the 1980s and 1990s, my answering machine informed all and sundry that they had reached "Ari Davidow, Hebrew Typographer, Extraordinaire." It was a title of which I was immensely pround.

Eventually I got fed up with tools that never let me set economical Hebrew with the finesse and skill that I could apply to English. I was also busy programming and working on web tools, so I took a Sabbatical.

book coverAbout a year ago two things happened. First, someone called out of the blue and asked me to translate some typesetting files created in Israel for an American edition of a new book by Adin Steinsaltz (The Miracle of the Seventh Day: A Guide to the Spiritual Meaning, Significance, and Weekly Practice of the Jewish Sabbath). Although I now program such projects using Python instead of Pascal, I discovered that, as a practical matter, the tools were almost, but not quite ready to do things faster better funner than had been the case in the '90s. The Steinsaltz book was done using the best of the old, early desktop publishing methods.

But, while researching tools for the new book, I discovered OpenType. I purchased a whole new OpenType library from Masterfont with which to experiment. It's exciting: vowels set beautifully, and there are more characters and combinations than I ever had before. In any Hebrew-aware word processors on the Mac and PC life is suddenly simple. Beautiful Hebrew and Yiddish are relatively easy to set. I'm just looking for an excuse to purchase the Middle East version of InDesign (I am abandoning Quark XPress. It is soooo last century.) so that I can try this new stuff out on a real book.

At around the same time, I got e-mail from a new Rabbi, Bruce J. Pfeffer, who had just done his rabbinic thesis at Hebrew Union College (HUC) on "Typography and Kavanah: The Prayerbook Page Layout". He had noticed some of my pages (either the "Jewish Holiday Toolkits" or my page on Marcia Falk's "Book of Blessings", for which I was a typographic advisor--they ignored me! and did some minor work). He felt that I was describing Hebrew typography as it should be. Splendid fellow!

Since I spent a lot of years studying typography, including visits with many leading typographers in Israel and the US, and extensive manuscript research into how calligraphers and the best of Hebrew printers had handled multilingual text, this was a nice confirmation that the knowledge that I attempted to bring forward was valued. It also reminded me that I had been promising for over a decade to try to organize multilingual resources. Oops. (I did write a chapter in "Computers and Typography" describing layout issues and some computer problems of the day, but that was back in 1993, based on a lecture I gave at Type90 at Oxford.)

album coverSo, in recent months I have new fonts. I've been playing with Hebrew on the Mac and the PC, with Word and with nifty tools such as "AbiWord", the open source unicode-compatible, Word-compatible tool of increasing choice. Among other projects, I typeset the liner notes in Yiddish and English for an incredible CD of Yiddish sung by Becky Kaplan, with tsimbl by the inestimable Pete Rushefsky, "Oyf di veg". (Pete's sister did the cover — I did the inner text.) And, at the end of the summer I'll be at KlezKanada giving a lecture on Hebrew typography for the first time in almost 15 years, and also giving workshops in how you put Yiddish usefully on a page — a songsheet, perhaps, or a CD cover.

So, things are hotting up. It's time to gather some resources and start getting the word out. Back in the late 1980s, I put a mailing list together, "Electronic Hebrew Users Group (E-HUG)" about Hebrew computer resources. Then, I got busy, and the information became easily accessible and I could move on. Now it's time to talk about the stuff that really matters. Typing is easy. Now let's talk "typography". And who better to type about it than me, the Hebrew Typesetter, Extraordinaire.